because of low spatial resolution and simplifications in meteorological processes in global circulation models, they cannot sufficiently simulate the weather, comparing to the regional models; then, spatial and temporal downscaling of the gcm outputs are needed for decreasing errors of the global circulation models. there are two methods of downscaling: statistical and dynamic. weather generato...

abstarct development of greenhouse gases in future periods not only causes change in average amounts of climate variables but also makes variables of this variability affected. then for sure concerning alternations followed with climate variables’ fluctuations and its average amounts in effecting on runoff would make more reliable results. in this inquiry initially fluctuations and average amou...

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[no abstract available]

abstract this chapter describes how the climate change is potentially the mostsevere threat to pollinator biodiversity. mounting evidence demonstrates that therehave already been biotic responses to the relatively small climate changes that haveoccurred this century. pollinators such as birds, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, wasps,beetles bats and even mosquitoes are essential for food product...

agricultural land conversion (alc) has been introduced as one of the most important factorsaffecting ecosystem. this type of conversion has led to several challenges in agricultural development andhuman life. monitoring alc plays a crucial role when dealing with such challenges. the main objective of thisstudywas to monitor the trend ofalc in theqazvin province located in northwest iran from 19...

prediction of climatic variables on a local scale by general circulation models of the atmosphere is impossible because the models have large-scale network of resolution. therefore, downscaling methods are used to solve this problem. since the climate change phenomenon can affect different systems such as, water resources, agriculture, environment, industry and economy as well, selection of the...

[no abstract available]

the projected rainfall change under various scenarios is likely to have both positive and negative implications on agriculture and water supply because in rainfall pattern across the country. rise in rainfall is seen over all states except punjab, rajasthan and tamil nadu, which show slight decrease in precipitation in the future scenarios. marked increase in covering the western ghats and nort...